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How Major Powers Actually Behave

Comprehensive research using multi-language sources reveals stark contrasts between Cold War narratives and documented realities

251
US military interventions since 1991
More than previous 193 years combined
12%
China's share of Africa's debt
Western banks hold 35% at double the interest
50%
Global population in BRICS+
Alternative institutions gaining momentum

The Numbers Tell a Different Story

United States
  • • 251 interventions (1991-2022)
  • • 750+ overseas bases
  • • 80 countries with bases
  • • 243,000 troops abroad
  • • $895 billion defense budget
China
  • • <10 interventions since 1991
  • • 1 official overseas base
  • • Djibouti only (1,000 troops)
  • • Anti-piracy focus
  • • Regional defense posture
Russia
  • • 20-30 major operations
  • • Primarily regional
  • • Post-Soviet space focus
  • • Syria support operation
  • • Limited global reach

Regional Perspectives

78%
Arabs view US as threat
37%
Arabs view China as threat

"Regional perspectives increasingly view US military asymmetry as destabilizing rather than stabilizing"

Conclusions Challenge Fundamental Assumptions

The evidence systematically contradicts inherited Cold War narratives. Rather than defensive democracies containing aggressive authoritarian expansion, data shows the US maintaining unprecedented global military intervention capability while China pursues primarily economic influence and Russia operates regionally.

Instead of benevolent Western aid versus predatory Chinese lending, research reveals different models of extraction and dependency. Chinese infrastructure delivers tangible results despite debt concerns while Western aid maintains political conditionalities many recipients view as sovereignty violations.

Most significantly, Global South countries demonstrate sophisticated agency in navigating great power competition, strategically leveraging different partnerships while building alternative institutions. The rise of BRICS, expansion of South-South cooperation, and rejection of binary choices represents active Global South strategy rather than passive alignment.

The Real Challenge

The fundamental challenge isn't choosing between powers but transforming structural relationships. The documented realities call for moving beyond Cold War frameworks to understand contemporary multipolarity where Global South agency, alternative institutions, and pragmatic partnerships increasingly define international relations.